Human microbiota have many functions that could contribute to cancer initiation and/or progression at local sites, yet the relation of the lung microbiota to lung cancer prognosis has not been studied. In a pilot study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on paired lung tumor and remote normal samples from the same lobe/segment in 19 non-small cell lung cancer patients. Researchers explored associations of tumor or normal tissue microbiome diversity and composition with recurrence-free and disease-free survival, and compared microbiome diversity and composition between paired tumor and normal samples.